ARDUINO BASIC 1

What is Arduino ?

Arduino is an open-source hardware and software company, project and user community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the physical and digital world. Its products are licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL), permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone.

ARDUINO SPECIFICATION

ARDUINO WITH SPECIFICATION

Lets learn about one of the simplest Arduino board , namely Arduino UNO.

It has two microcontroller, the main one is the atmel ATmega328P. The microcontroller controls the input-output system of the Arduino board. The chip of the microcontroller can also be replaced.

The another microcontroller is atmel ATmega16U2. It implements the USB serial interface. It controls the communication between USB and Arduino.

Arduino has a voltage limit 6-20 volt for performing work. Heat is generated at the voltage regulator if the input voltage exceeds 12V, generally 9V is preferred. For DC power jack for power supply the limit is 7-12V. But for uploading any program to Arduino by USB 5V is the most suitable.

The Arduino has two header, one is long and another is short. The long header has digital input input-output pins while short header has mainly analog pin with power supply pin.

The Arduino has two other more input output pins part other than these headers, known as ICSP (IN CIRCUIT SERIAL PROGRAMMING). It allows programming microcontroller directly, one ICSP is used for programming ATmega328P and another near ATmega16U2 is used for programming that microcontroller.

Shiny part is called crystal clock. It bits 16 million times per second. Clock is mainly to regulate the system of Arduino in time.

Along these Arduino has capacitors to maintain the power in Arduino board. The USB port in the Arduino is used for upload the program as well as for power supply.

ARDUINO SHIELD

A Shield is a board, in the shape of the Arduino Uno, with a set of Uno compatible headers. With a shield you can expand the capabilities of the Arduino. Shields are affixed on the Arduino pins and it expands the number of input output pins.

Some of the shields are Xbee , motor control v1.1 ,wifishield etc .

ARDUINO WITH ONE OF THE SHIELD (above arduino)

ARDUINO COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Communication protocol is a system of rules that allow two or more entities of a communication system to transmit information via any kind of variation of physical quantity. Internet communication protocols are published by the INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE (IETF). The IEEE handles wired and wireless networking, and the INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION (ISO) handles other types. The ITU-T (international telegraph union-telecommunication) handles telecommunication protocols and formats for the PUBLIC SWITCHED TELEPHONE NETWORK (PSTN). As the PSTN and Internet converge, the standards are also being driven towards convergence.

Arduino UNO runs in UART, I2C and SPI communication protocol. 

UART

Serial UART is Universal Asynchronous receiver transmitter communication system. In Arduino it works through rx-tx pin with the sensors. Rx is for receiving pin while tx is for transmitting pin. The data, Arduino get through USB cable passes to ATmega328P, the for these purpose rx-tx is the main functioning pin.

I2C

In I2C (TWI) is communication system in which the Arduino board can be connected to maximum 127 numbers of sensors serially. Here I2C stands for Inter Integrated Circuit while TWI stands for Two Wire Interface.

SPI

SPI communication system is serial peripheral interface bus. It is a very fast communication system.

The I2C communication system is half duplex, while SPI communication system is full duplex, so SPI communication system is much faster than I2C communication system.

reference

wikipedia

internet